Risk in the Essex Voyage Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Risk in the Essex Voyage - Case Study Example According to the discussion the crew decided to continue for five weeks without stopping to do repairs and searched for warm waters. The encountered other whalers who told them about a newly discovered a good hunting ground located about four thousand six hundred kilometers to the southwest. The area was risky because it was too far and the inhabitants of the Islands were said to be cannibals. They went thousands into the coast of South America and but a number of days whaleboats were empty despite the whale damaging their boat by surfacing directly below. Three whaleboats began to pursue a sperm whale but as they tried to harpoon it its fluke hit the boat and damaged its seam, which forced them to cut the line from the whale to put back the boat into the ship for repair. The second boat has also harpooned a whale that was pulling the way. As the work of repaired continued an abnormally larger whale was seen behaving strangely. It lay without any movement and its head was facing the ship and it began to speedily approach the ship diving. The whale hit the ship with its head, went under it, and battered it tipping it to move from side to side. It continued to the starboard side of the ship and lay motionless but the crew could not kill it because it was too close to the rudder and could cause the ship intense damage. The whale was seen swimming ahead of the ship but came back in furry and speed and thrashed it with its tail and its head struck the ship again. This study outlines that the whale crushed the bow and pushed the ship backwards and the whale them swarm away and were never seen again. The ship began to sink slowly and the crew had only whaleboats for survival. The captain gathered navigational instruments but he could do much and was terrified. The ship took two days to sink, during which the crew tried to salvage their supplies.

Handwashing Practices among Health Workers

Handwashing Practices among Health Workers BACKGROUND Hand washing or hand hygiene is the process of cleaning ones hands with or without the use of water or another liquid, or with the use of soap for the purpose of removing soil, dirt, and/or microorganisms. Handwashing involves five simple and effective steps; Wet, Lather, Scrub, Rinse and Dry. Regular handwashing, particularly before and after certain activities, is one of the best ways to remove germs, avoid getting sick, and prevent the spread of germs to others. Its simple, its quick, and it can keep us all from getting infected (CDC, 2016). The provision of healthcare worldwide is always associated with a potential range of safety problems. Yet, despite advances in healthcare systems, patients remain vulnerable to unintentional harm in hospitals (Devnani et al. 2011; Mani et al. 2010). One of the most significant, current discussions in healthcare delivery in hospitals is healthcare associated infection (HAI), sometimes called hospital acquired infection (Mani et al. 2010; Momen Fernie 2010) or nosocomial infection, which is any infection that a person develops as a result of treatment in hospital (Minnaar 2008, 2). Nosocomial infection is a global public health problem with an estimated 1.5 million suffering consequences at any given time [WHO,2009] noted that at least 25% of all hospital infections in the developing world are nosocomially acquired. The hands of health care providers are major agents of infection transmission in hospitals leading to the campaign to improve hand hygiene, Clean Care is Safer Care [WHO, 2005]. Two types of hand colonizing flora are predominant in hand skins. These are the Resident flora that are not easily removed by the simple friction associated hand washing and the Transient microorganisms which are not usually hand colonizers but they are most likely associated with infection [ Grayson, 2009]. Various types of such microbes are found on patients, instruments and other items and are important in infection transmission  [Hubner, 2006]. Improper hand washing practices serve as means of infection transmission in hospital wards (Duckro, 2005). Hand hygiene was thought to be a key factor in reducing hospital acquired infection during the initial development of healthcare systems (Akyol 2007; Ott French 2009). The battle with HAI started when the Hungarian obstetrician, Semmelweis (1847), observed that puerperal fever was more common on a maternity ward, where physicians and medical students provided care to women in labour, than it was on the ward where midwives assisted deliveries. He noted that physicians and medical students were contaminating their hands while performing autopsies and later attending the examination of women without hand washing. Arguably, he was the first to recognise the importance of hand washing in controlling the transmission of infection (Akyol 2007; Meers et al. 1992; Trampuz Widmer 2004). Equally important was the work of Florence Nightingale during the Crimean war, when she called for basic public health in a military hospital in Scutari in 1854. PROBLEM STATEMENT Hospital acquired infections has resulted in many negative impacts on health workers, patients and families over the world (WHO2012). The working environment, health workers and patients are the main reservoirs of hospital acquired related infection (weber, 2013). The transmission of infection from patient to patient mainly occurs at the hands of health workers (Ellingson K, 2014). The hands of health professionals are contaminated during patient care on a daily bases despite wearing gloves (Kendal A, 2012). Handwashing is critical in the prevention of hospital acquired infections. It is a very simple procedure and work well in the prevention of diseases as people are the carriers of pathogenic microbes. The practice is however unacceptably low among health workers (Takahashi Turale 2010; Trampuz Widmer 2004). Hand hygiene compliance rates in different developed countries rarely exceed 50% (Mani et al. 2010; Maxfield Dull 2011; Ott French 2009). For instance, figures show that in the USA it is 50%, in Switzerland 42% and in the UK 32% (Takahashi Turale 2010). Hence, poor compliance has resulted in high morbidity and mortality. In the USA, there are between 1.7 and 2 million people who contract HAI and 88 to 99 thousand deaths are attributed to HAI annually. Furthermore, HAI affects nearly 10% of hospitalised patients and presents major challenges in healthcare facilities. Consequently, annual medical expenses have increased in the USA to approximately $ 4.5 billion (Maxfield Dull 2011; Smith Lokhorst 2009; Trampuz Widmer 2004). Hand hygiene practice among HCWs is considered to be the single most clinical and cost effective measure to prevent HAI, a view recognised internationally (Momen Fernie 2010; Ott French 2009; Takahashi Turale 2010).The World Health Organisation (WHO) strongly emphasise the essential need for hand hygiene during healthcare delivery, to avoid possible infection and subsequent complications; hence, the Clean Care is Safe Care programme, launched by WHO in 2005 as part of the First Global Patient Safety Challenge. This programme offers new guidelines on hand hygiene training, observation and performance reporting in healthcare settings. Out of every 100 hospitalized patients, at least 7 in high-income and 10 in low-/middle-income countries will acquire a healthcare-associated infection. Among critically ill and vulnerable patients in intensive care units, that figure rises to around 30 per 100 (who,2014). Factors that contribute to poor hand washing compliance include absence of hand washing sinks, time required to perform hand hygiene, patients condition, effect of hand-hygiene products on the skin and inadequate knowledge of the guidelines(Larson and Kretzer, 1995; Simmons et al., 1999;Meengs et al., 1994; Doebbeling et al., 1992; Voss and Widmer, 1997). PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study is to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practices of healthworkers and also compare between healthworkers regarding their knowledge, attitude, and practices on hand washing. MAIN OBJECTIVE To determine hand washing practices among health workers in the Tamale West Hospital. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES Assess the knowledge, practices and attitudes of healthworkers on handwashing Assess the differences across age groups, gender and experience regarding KAP of handwashing Compare between healthworkers regarding KAP of handwashing Assess the availability of resources for handwashing RESEARCH QUESTIONS What is the knowledge, practices and attitudes of healthworkers concerning handwashing? Are there differences across age groups, gender and experience regarding KAP of handwashing? Can KAP between healthworkers regarding handwashing be compared? Are there available resources for handwashing? SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY Hand washing is considered the most important single and simple practice for preventing hospital acquired infection. An intricate problem may be caused by a number of factors if there is failure to practice effective hand washing. Understanding the factors that influence this behavior is key to change the behavior of poor effective hand washing practices. More studies are needed to identify, which of the factors contribute significantly to the problem of poor compliance with hand washing recommendation. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS Hand washing Hand washing is the process of cleaning ones hands with or without the use of water or another liquid, or with the use of soap for the purpose of removing soil, dirt, and/or microorganisms. Health care workers Professional personnel working in clinical setting of a health facility Veronica buckets Buckets used to store water for washing of hands Nosocomial infection/hospital acquired infection are infections gotten from the hospital setting. LITERATURE REVIEW KNOWLEDGE, PRACTICES AND ATTITUDES OF HEALTHWORKERS ON HANDWASHING Hand hygiene practice among HCWs is considered to be the single most clinical and cost effective measure to prevent HAI, a view recognized globally. Despite the relative simplicity of this procedure, adherence to hand washing recommendations is unacceptably low, usually well below 50% (Ekwere Okafor, 2013). Most nosocomial infections are thought to be transmitted by the hands of health care workers. It has long been known that hand hygiene among health care workers plays a central role in preventing the transmission of infectious agents. Hand-washing (HW) is the most effectiveway of preventing the spread of infectious diseases But despite a Joint Commission requirementthat Centers for Disease Control and Prevention hand hygiene guidelines be implemented in hospitals, compliance among health care workers remains low The reasons for low compliance to hand hygiene have not been defined in developing countries probably due to limited studies on hand hygiene. Factors that contribute to n oncompliance to HW among health careworkers are: lack of awareness and knowledge among health care workers as regard the importance, techniques, methods and quality of hand hygiene (Abd El Aziz Bakr, 2009). Alex-Hart and Opara, (2011) study on hand washing revealed that, more than halve (55.4%) of the health workers lacked the knowledge of good hand washing technique as most believed it involved the use of soapy water in a basin. This may be due to the fact that running water is not readily available, so the use of soapy water in a basin may have been the available alternative. With its repeated use over time, most health workers may have come to perceive it as the ideal hand washing technique. The NMCS Code of Standards and Conduct requires nurses and midwifes to provide a highstandard of practical care all the time. Yet, the momentum for hand hygiene, some nurses are still presenting with low compliance because they perceive it as not their problem, that it is something to do with infection control staff and they have to deal with it . Furthermore, Nazarko (2009) indicates that nurses often fail to practise hand hygiene because they are busy and they feel hand hygiene takes up precious time. In addition, nurses often perceive that gloves can be used as an alternative to hand hygiene. They usually tend to remove the gloves without washing their hands or use the same gloves to deliver intended care to multiple patients. Even when they remove their gloves, only 20% of nurses actually clean their hands (Ott French 2009). According to Canham, (2011) nurses avoid hand hygiene because they are frightened that skin problems such as dermatitis could develop, especially with alcoh ol hand-rubs. DIFFERENCES ACROSS AGE GROUPS, GENDER AND EXPERIENCE REGARDING KAP OF HANDWASHING Nurses tend to wash their hands more often than doctors and among non-health care workers, females tend to wash their hands more often than males. This study examined the influence of gender on the hand washing rates of health care workers (HCWs). The null hypotheses were that, there would be no inter-gender difference in either hand washing rates in healthcare workers across professions, or within professional groups. Although increased compliance with hand washing protocols has been shown to decrease infection rates, hand washing compliance remains poor, particularly among some professional groups. Studies of hand washing frequency have recorded hand washing rates following patient contact ranging from 10.6% to 61%, and significant differences have long been noted in hand washing frequency between professional groups such as nurses and doctors. (Van de Mortel, 2001) Van de Mortel, (2001) studies again found out found that, registered nurses (RNs) washed their hands following patient contact significantly more often than doctors in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The RNs washed their hands 71% percent of the time, whilst junior and senior resident doctors (RMOs) washed their hands 50% of the time and specialists washed only 25% of the time. He postulated that, failure to wash hands may be a gender-related phenomenon. The proportion of female nurses is considerably higher than the proportion of female doctors. In the above study, 90% of the nurses were female; 45% of RMOs and 6% of specialists were female. (Van de Mortel, 2001). Several studies have examined, among other variables, the influence of gender on hand washing frequency in health care workers however; these studies arrived at conflicting conclusions. Van de Mortel, (2001) found that hand washing frequency in the emergency department was lower among female nurses, RMOs and specialists tha n among males within each of those groups, however, the sample size of the study was small (n = 13 nurses, 11 RMOs, and 11 specialists). In contrast, in an extensive study of hand washing practices in two countries, it revealed that female health care workers were washing their hands more frequently than males, regardless of occupational group. However, this study was based on self-reported practices collected by questionnaire, and a degree of bias may have been introduced due to the fact that non-responders may have exhibited different behavior than responders. There is also a tendency for people to overestimate socially desirable behavior when answering questionnaires. To illustrate the latter point, Van de Mortel, collected data on hand washing frequency among doctors, both by means of questionnaires and by covert observation. He found that doctors estimated that they washed their hands 73% of the time, but the data collected by covert observation showed the percentage of doctors washing their hands following patient contact was in fact only 10.8%. METHODOLOGY This chapter describes the study area, the study design, the study population and the sampling procedure as well as the recruitment of respondents and the data collection procedure. The data entry and analysis is also outlined in this chapter. RESEARCH DESIGN This study is a cross-sectional study method designed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of health workers in TTH towards handwashing. Including assessing the differences across age groups, gender and experience regarding knowledge, attitude and practices of handwashing, and also, compare between healthworkers regarding KAP of handwashing RESEARCH SETTING The study will be conducted at the Tamale Teaching Hospital (TTH). It is a foremost tertiary referral centre providing patient care to residents of Tamale and neighboring towns and cities. There are 30 wards in Tamale Teaching Hospital. There are 74 doctors and 655nurses at the hospital. Hand-washing facilities are located in all the wards and clinics in the hospitals. Each ward is provided with at least a Veronica bucket for hand washing, running tap water, soap (liquid or cake) and sometimes, a towel for hand drying. TARGET POPULATION This study targets the clinical staff of the Tamale Teaching Hospital with a total population of 729. There are 31 wards in Tamale Teaching Hospital SAMPLE, SAMPLE SIZE, AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE The sample size is 360 respondents this was arrived at by the using Cochran formula. Sample Size = [z2 * p(1-p)] / e2 / 1 + [z2 * p(1-p)] / e2 * N] N = population size z = z-score e = margin of error p = standard of deviation N= 729 Z= 1.96 (using 95% confidence interval) E=0.05 P= 0.5 Sample size = [(1.96)2*0.5(1-0.5)]/0.052 / 1 + [1.962*0.5(1-0.5)]/0.052* N Sample size = 384.16/1.076 Sample size= 357 An extra 3 was added to make it a total of 360 respondents. There are 30 wards in the hospital. 12 respondents would be sampled from each ward if they are eligible for the study. INCLUSION CRITERIA Respondents must be registered healthcare workers in the Tamale Teaching Hospital. EXCLUSION CRITERIA Medical, nursing and other clinician students are excluded from this study. DATA COLLECTION TOOL A well-structured questionnaire will be used to collect socio-demographic data, knowledge on handwashing from the respondents. PROCEDURE FOR DATA COLLECTION Probability sampling technique will be used. This is to help get an equal proportion of participants from the various wards used. The data collection will employ the use of structured questionnaire which respondents will check and will also give short answers to some questions to solicit data from respondents. All the wards will be successfully visited on a daily basis to get eligible participants for the study. These wards will be visited on a daily bases recruiting respondents until the last questionnaire is administered. The wards in the Tamale Teaching Hospital include; Purposive sampling will be used to select clinicians from the hospital who will be available during the data collection from Tamale Teaching Hospital. The study data will be collected based on the socio-demographic characteristics of respondents, general knowledge about handwashing, assess the differences across age groups, gender and their experiences regarding handwashing through the use of a structured questionnaire administered by the research assistants with minimal clarification from the research assistants. Primary data will be collected and used in the analysis. DATA ANALYSIS The data will be coded in excel and then entered into SPSS V.16 for analysis. Responses will be assigned codes in the form of numbers, which will make it easy for keying in the responses into a computer format. Univariate analysis will be done for socio-demographic characteristics of respondents and also for areas that require only descriptive statistics. Bivariate analysis will be performed to find associations or relationships between socio-demographic characteristics and level of knowledge, attitudes and practices of clinicians on handwashing. Likert item was rated on a 1-5 response scale; where strongly agree=5, agree-4, neutral=3, disagree=2, strongly disagree=1. The scores were graded into positive, neutral or negative. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS Ethical approval to use the hospital was from the Ethics and Research Committee of the hospital. Formal consent will also be obtained from the respondents prior to administration of questionnaire. Individual participants will be told that the study is purely for academic purpose and names as well as addresses will not be and also needed assuring them of their privacy and confidentiality. Respondents were also told that they had the right not to participate in the study. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The cost and inexperience of researchers in conducting this study will be a challenge. Also, bias in the sampling procedure can also occur. REFERENCES Abd Elaziz, K.M. Bakr, I.M (2009) . Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of hand washing among health care workers in Ain Shams University hospitals, Cairo, Egypt J PREV MED HYG 2009; 50: 19-25 Alex-Hart A. B. and Opara, P. I. (2011). Handwashing Practices amongst Health Workers in a Teaching Hospital. American Journal of Infectious Diseases 7 (1): 8-15, 2011 Ekwere, T. A Okafor P. I (2013) Hand hygiene knowledge and practices among healthcare providers in a tertiary hospital, South West Nigeria Nazarko, L. 2009. Potential pitfalls in adherence to hand washing in the community, British Journal of Community Nursing 14:2, 64-68. Ott, M. French, R. 2009. Hand hygiene compliance among healthcare staff and student nurses in a mental health setting, Mental Health Nursing 30, 702-704. Van de Mortel, T. F. (2001) Gender Influences Hand washing Rates In the CriticalCare Unit. American Journal of Infection Control, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 395-399.

Himmler?s Reign of Terror and Ingenious :: essays research papers

One man’s sick mind led to the extermination of an entire generation of people. These ideas came at the worst possible time, during World War II. The ideas were horrific and evil and today they would be viewed as satanic but at the time they were thought to be glorious and wonderful. This gave Hienrich Himmler a place as one of the most devious persons ever. Himmler went to grade school at the Cathedral where he was an excellent student. It was during this time that Himmler became interested in Germany’s history and war (Shrirer 130-131). After he finished grade school he went to Technical High school. He once again resumed the role of a good student. At this time Himmler felt he had no rules or discipline so he dropped out of high school and enlisted in the Army. While in the Army Himmler got special tutoring to finish high school (Shrirer 137-138). Himmler attended a small college outside of Munich. While there he did not fit in very well and did poorly in his studies. After a short time Himmler left college and rejoined the military (Stewart 97). Himmler joined a paramilitary unit outside of Bayer-Munich. He was in a class of 200 and was the best soldier. His commanding officer said, â€Å"He’s the best natural soldier I’ve ever seen† (Goralski 103-104). Himmler did not do much in World War I. He was rumored to have killed Gihi Rhambal. People are not one hundred percent sure if he did, but many believed it was he (Jarmon 132). During this time he was mainly taking care of his family. He married a lady Miller 2 named Marga Stoenbauer. Himmler also had a daughter named Gudren. Gudren was Himmler’s daughter but not Marga’s. He had Gudren with a mistress. The mistress left the baby with Himmler right after she was born and she was never heard from again (Bauer 84-85). Shortly after World War II broke out, Himmler was chosen for a special assignment. He received the assignment because he was probably the best soldier in the German Army. He was appointed the head of the Gestapo, the most feared people in Germany. The Gestapo was formed in 1933 and the massive killings began in 1934 (Rogaski 187-188). Himmler and his men dressed in all black, so that people would recognize and respect them (Stewart 131). Himmler was respected for two main reasons. The first was that many people thought he was next in command to Hitler. People figured that they probably should not get involved with the boss. The other reason people liked Himmler was that Hitler liked him and if he found out anyone was saying anything about him that

Create and sell an accessory collection (starting a small business) Essay

The main reason I’ve chosen this topic is because as you will also read in the introduction, making accessories is something I really like doing; It is the first time I can accomplish a school task that has been given to me, doing something that I enjoy. It is just perfect! It will not only help me with my school life, but it could also be the beginnings of a promising future. The aim of my project, parallel to the fact of making accessories and selling them is to see if determination and skills are enough to start a business of my own. I do not believe it would be difficult to design and sell the new collection. What I have to see is how I will finance the whole process. But I am really enthusiastic about it and I will really try hard to put all my ideas into action. Since we had to do a project to pass the middle age program I tried to do a project that nobody else has ever done and something I really liked to do, so the best thing I could think was this topic I’ve chosen, I love doing accessories, it is very original, and I get a profit from it. Every day I work a little bit on this project since October of 2002 when they told us about it. I’ve been designing, creating, promoting, and selling my creations. But in order to do it right, I take down notes of every single thing I do as regards this job. How much I sell, I buy, I design, etc. I have divided my project into subtitles to organize the information in the way it will be easier for the reader to understand the whole process. The areas of interaction related to my project is: Approaches to learning, I had to do methodological work, my sense of effort, being able to hand in a project that hasn’t got any mistake, order of the project, communication and expression of experiences and searching for information and summarizing it. Homo Faber, I started a project of a small business and crated a project that is relatively new, inventing designs, and putting into practice purposes of Homo Faber. Environment, accessories are really involved with fashion and I take the designs from my surroundings, what is fashionable, styles, etc. Social Education, to show people that teenagers can start their own little business and to encourage young people to develop what the really like since they are little because maybe when they grow up they can still do what they did when they were young and to develop their ideas and imagination. In my opinion Homo Faber is the predominant area of interaction because I am starting a business with its pros and cons, also I am working with my imagination and time in order to accomplish my objective. When they told me that I had to write a personal project in Level 4, I wanted to do something different, something that nobody else had ever done before, and it had to be personal, something that I really like doing and what I really like is to design accessories When I was only eleven (11) years old, my mother brought home some big beads and some elastic. I started playing with them and I made my first bracelet. I realized it was entertaining and I preferred spending my time making accessories instead of watching TV. My grandmother gave me some more money and I bought my first working material, since then I have spent days and nights making accessories. My parents complained because they said that because I devoted all my time and energy to this, I did not study. But now I have my opportunity to do both things. Do what I really like doing that is beaded accessories, and also comply it with my schoolwork. This is really great! The idea is not only to design my own accessories but also to see if an adolescent can handle and manage a small company. This of course meant a lot of work, because I have to design the accessory, then promote it and sell it etc. In October 2002 Miss Pat O’Malley told us that we had to chose a tutor for our projects, she said tutors could only have 4 or 5 students, I choose Miss Claudia Zacarian but she already had her 5 students, but after talking to Pat O’Malley they allowed me to be with her. We started working and giving a little bit of shape to the project, I plan the whole essay with her. At March 2003 for my surprise, I got the news that Miss Claudia was not working at school any longer. I felt disappointed because of all the work we have been doing we came to trust ourselves and got to know us better. I had to chose someone else, but it was quite difficult because most of the teaches I Level 5 were new and I wanted to choose a tutor who liked what I was doing and that could help me with my project because she is interested and not because is a school task, so I asked Gabriela Flaiban the level 5 coordinator to be my new tutor, I asked her because I knew she liked accessories. I kept on working with her and she showed me several projects to organize myself better and what was that I had to include in the different sections and to give me a guide on what to do as regards my written work, also she proposed many things (I will explain later) which were really useful to me. It was very difficult for me to organize my work. I told my tutor and she advised me to go slowly. I wanted to sell the accessories I had to think about the colors, shapes, sizes, etc. My tutor told me to start doing surveys and end up doing the design that was the most voted in order of not loosing time or money. But I had to make a difference between people of 12- 20, 25-40, and more than 40 years old. The first thing I had to do was to design the accessories, I drew on a paper different designs and I showed them to different people with different ages and evaluate their opinion and if they will succeed or not. The results are attached at the annexes pages†¦. I went shopping, visited different places and read piles of magazines, and keep doing it actually in order of having buyable. I could get to the conclusion that on the first part of my project, spring- summer collection I stepped against a romantic, and hippie style with lots of colors. But on the other side the autumn- fall collection is full of yellow, red, orange and brown. And both of them had bright colors such as pink turquoise, blue and green in all their varieties. By doing surveys and consulting people I can get to do things that people can get identified with, and as a result they will buy it, this is a tactic that many enterprises use in order to evaluate how much will the selling be so as to produce an amount of products that is adequate to the amount of demand it has. The first thing I did after meeting with Gaby Flaiban (tutor) was the survey. The survey was organized in the following way. It was repeated several times with different accessories. There were 10 (ten) accessories and I showed them to different people of different ages, they had to put them in order from worst to best. In that way I could see which were the three accessories people different ages liked the most. After choosing the final designs, to start businesses, I must have a budget; even tough it is a small one. Five years ago I asked my mother and Grandmother for money, they gave me $100 (mom $75 and grand mother $25). So I went to buy all my working material, and started working. Time made me perfection my style, and neatness but, no matter how good the beaded crafts were I was scared that I will never return my credit, it is very common that when you start a business you can be scared or believe that it won’t be good. So I had to work really hard. Now, five years after, I also asked for a credit, this time a little bit bigger than the first inversion, I had my savings, I used $100, and asked my mother for another $100, my grandmother didn’t keep behind and bought me beads, and wool. After I do an accessory I immediately cost it, the things I take into account are: the cost of materials, hand labor, and how many exemplars I do of it (obviously if I do 10 of them and if there is a big offer of them I will price it less in order to sell it). Cost is very important because if I sell the final product in less money that the one I invested, I’ll be loosing money, but I must have an idea of how much I’ve spend on doing it because the price must be reasonable. Hand labor is also important in this branch there are included several things, time I have spent on doing it, work I had to do and promotion of the product. Offer and Demand are really important. If I do something really exclusive, I will cost more that if I do a dragonfly that are seen everywhere. And if there are lots of demand of something the price will be higher (this is the ABC, of economy) Promoting is as important as doing it, because if I do and don’t sell is the same as if didn’t do anything. As regards the estrategical view where to sell is a very big deal, especially nowadays. Propaganda is extremely important. I could say vital for this job. I usually give a certain amount of accessories to people that are close to me, like friends or relatives so whenever they go to parties or places where there are lots of people they are able to promote my collection, and that creates very good results because sometimes I get a phone call asking me to do a very important request of accessories or maybe people ask who was the one that did the accessory and when they get to see me they are still wishing to buy it, like the one they seen or maybe another they liked best. I also created a web page; you can find it at www. . com. In this web page which I specially created I will show every design I made and the final selling price, so if people like any accessory they can contact me by sending me an e- mail or calling me and buy any piece that has caught their attention. Web pages are a very interesting way of attracting people because as Internet is very used and calls a lot the attention, mainly because of the animation and colors. A very important fact is that being on the net creates a professional image, and that is what I want the customer to think about me because if people think I am professional they will believe that the quality of the accessories are better and that I am a person to trust on because a good image is really important. As an example we have Kosiuko the quality of clothes is not that good but as they do very good graphics, the clothes is original and they promote themselves very good by using very famous people as models such as Britney or Pampita they succeed on the industry. Nevertheless the most important way of selling is to get in contact with a boutique or a fair because I can leave my material and they sell it for me, in a way they make me save a step. As I said before promoting is really important. I tell everybody I do beaded crafts, and they ask me to show them, but it is not enough, shops are really important they make you save time and steps. Having good contacts is important too, the fact of having a friend working in a magazine or being a friend of somebody who is famous, can help me to sell better. This is the part I hate the most and I really don’t like it because I have problems telling the price, and persuade people to buy. I ask them if there’s a possibility of leaving them some of my accessories at their store and if they allow me to do so, they charge them a little bit, for them to be able to get profit out of it (usually 20% -25% of the price I ask for). To be able to keep continuity with the boutiques I am always renovating my stuff for them to keep calling and asking me to do different designs, keep doing that accessory that was very successful or maybe to invent new things such as napkin holders, handbags, sandals or belts, because continuity is very important if not you loose a contact and loosing contacts is a pity. I am actually giving my things to Cool Site, to Captiva and to different fairs in San Isidro. In the economical, fashionable, and practical view there are lots of advantages, but also disadvantages. To start with the disadvantages, the price of the material in Argentina has raised a lot and now I can do less with the same amount of money, materials raised 350% comparing to the past yea, with all the default problem, so it is really difficult to buy the same peaces of material I bought before with the same price or less charged as possible. Besides they are brought from, Brazil, Indonesia, china, and Thailand. A very important issue is that economical problems here in Argentina are serious; people won’t spend money buying accessories if they suffer from hunger. But in order to sell I must sell very cheap knowing the cost of the material for not to loose any money, because nowadays the hand labor cannot be well paid, as it was before. The advantages are that beads are very fashionable, so they are sold a lot, they stick to the fashion and they are really trendy, for every age since 5 to 99 but for each age there are different designs and that is something I like, I do different models following a trend and if they are for old or young people, and I can do with the same beads accessories dedicated to any age or style because it depends the person who is wearing them to see if that is an accessory is for her/him or not. Another advantages is that the crisis has pushed and prohibited people on buying new clothes and also the commodity of cotton has decreased 50% comparing to last year so every piece of clothes is really expensive, specially cotton clothes, that’s why people use old attires but they modernize them by using a beaded handbag or a big pin that calls more the attention than the attire itself so the attire doesn’t look old anymore and the whole outfit is brand new because of a little change, because beaded accessories are very cheap comparing them with the price of clothes. Another advantage is as I sell a lot I have my savings and I can use it for buying things for me like clothes or going on a trip, etc. This is a hobby that gives me money and that is really important for me. I like it and also can get a profit from it. When I started on October I asked the girls of my class, shop owners and my family what they would like me to do, it was an informal survey, because I haven’t wrote it down as a survey actually. But nevertheless I put it into practice. They asked for peace signs, lots of colors, many stars, and many earrings and pins. I kept everything I sold on a diary (annex page†¦) I worked September, October, November, December, and January. February was my holiday month so I didn’t work at all, also march, April, May, June and July. On that summer- spring collection I earned $520 with a mean of $100 a month and my expectations for the autumn-fall collection is better yet. Because I added one more store to give my accessories and promoted myself even better. BOOKS: * â€Å"Bead lings† BY Julie Collins and Candice Elton, Klutz editorial Magazines * Revista † mostacillas† 4th edition Evia ediciones * Internet * http://www.eviaediciones.com * http://www.klutz.com * http://www.mujer.tercera.cl/2001/10/27/moda.htm * http://www.derrochasvip.com.ar/latrama/canutillos.htm

Catching Fire Essay

Catching Fire Suzanne Collins is a mutually celebrated writer of many books, including The Hunger Games trilogy. Catching Fire is just one of these astounding books. Catching Fire, written by Suzanne Collins, belongs in the science fiction genre because of the advancements and invention of different technologies. For example, mockingjays, a common animal in the story, are the product of female mockingbirds and male jabberjays. These jabberjays were genetically engineered by the Capitol, a ruthless gathering of officials that oversee the various districts of Panem, and can eavesdrop on conversions remembering every word that was uttered. Mockingjays on the other hand can only remember short verbalizations, such as a song. Also, during the Hunger Games, the Capitol has the ability to materialize objects directly into the arena in which the tributes fight, for example the â€Å"beasts† that enter the arena in the first book of the trilogy. There have also been many advancements in the field of medicine. Most notably, there is a cream for almost anything, whether it be a third-degree burn or a stab wound. This episode of the best-selling trilogy is written in first-person point of view. We are only allowed to know the thoughts and feelings of the main character, Katniss, causing us to wonder what other characters are thinking and feeling as well. This also causes us to create a deeper connection with Katniss. For instance, in the first book of the trilogy Katniss has a flashback in the arena about the explosion in the mines that killed her father. She relives this memory often and often reminisces of the times before her father died. Overall, the point of view of the story ultimately helps the reader identify with the main character. The point of view in this story causes it to be more relatable. Collins wrote the Hunger Games trilogy in present tense. This causes the reader to take the persona of another character or a diary that Katniss tells everything to. This style seems to be very easy to read, as the plot follows an extremely chronological event base. Contrary to her easy to read style, she uses rather impressive diction. This styles gives her a very competitive edge over other writers of today. This novel is enticing. It leaves no stone unturned. By the end of the novel you know that almost every conflict has been elucidated and resolved. The only conflict that was not resolved is between the Districts and the Capitol. This leaves a major opening for the third book in the series, Mockingjay. Works Cited Collins, Suzanne. Catching Fire. Hunger Games Trilogy. New York: Scholastic Press, 2009.